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Cake day: July 2nd, 2023

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  • applied mathematics can get very messy: it requires performing a bunch of computations, optimizing the crap out of things, and solving tons of equations. you have to deal with actual numbers (the horror), and you have to worry about rounding errors and stuff like that.

    whereas in theoretical math, it’s just playing. you don’t need to find “exact solutions”, you just need to show that one exists. or you can show a solution doesn’t exist. sometimes you can even prove that it’s impossible to know if a solution exists, and that’s fine too. theoretical math is focused more on stuff like “what if we could formalize the concept of infinity plus one?”, or “how can we sidestep Russel’s paradox?”, or “can we turn a sphere inside out?”, or The Hairy Ball Theorem, or The Ham Sandwich Theorem, or The Snake Lemma.

    if you want to read more about what pure math is like, i strongly recommend reading A Mathematician’s Lament by Paul Lockhart. it is extremely readable (no math background required), and i thought it was pretty entertaining too.



  • Infinite-dimensional vector spaces also show up in another context: functional analysis.

    If you stretch your imagination a bit, then you can think of vectors as functions. A (real) n-dimensional vector is a list of numbers (v1, v2, …, vn), which can be thought of as a function {1, 2, …, n} → ℝ, where k ∊ {1, …, n} gets sent to vk. So, an n-dimensional (real) vector space is a collection of functions {1, 2, …, n} -> ℝ, where you can add two functions together and multiply functions by a real number.

    Under this interpretation, the idea of “infinite-dimensional” vector spaces becomes much more reasonable (in my opinion anyway), since it’s not too hard to imagine that there are situations where you want to look at functions with an infinite domain. For example, you can think of an infinite sequence of numbers as a function with infinite domain. (i.e., an infinite sequence (v1, v2, …) is a function ℕ → ℝ, where k ∊ ℕ gets sent to vk.)

    and this idea works for both “countable” and “uncountable” “vectors”. i.e., you can use this framework to study a vector space where each “vector” is a function f: ℝ → ℝ. why would you want do this? because in this setting, integration and differentiation are linear maps. (e.g., if f, g: ℝ → ℝ are “vectors”, then D(f + g) = Df + Dg, and ∫*(f+g) = ∫f + ∫g, where D denotes taking the derivative.)









  • i think this is a fairly reasonable gut reaction to first hearing about the “unnatural” numbers, especially considering the ways they’re (typically) presented at first. it seems like kids tend to be introduced to the negative numbers by people saying things like “hey we can talk about numbers that are less 0, heres how you do arithmetic on them, be sure to remember all these rules”. and when presented like that, it just seems like a bunch of new arbitrary rules that need to be memorized, for seemingly no reason.

    i think there would be a lot less resistance if it was explained in a more narrative way that explained why the new numbers are useful and worth learning about. e.g.,

    • negative numbers were invented to make it possible to subtract any two whole numbers (so that it’s possible to consistently undo addition).
    • rational numbers were invented to make it possible to divide any two whole numbers (so that it’s possible to consistently undo multiplication, with 0 being a weird edge-case).
    • real numbers were invented to facilitate handling geometrical problems (hypotenuse of a triangle, and π for dealing with circles), and to facilitate the study of calculus (i.e. so that you can take supremums, limits, etc)
    • complex numbers were invented to make it possible to consistently solve polynomial equations (fundamental theorem of algebra), and to better handle rotations in 2d space (stuff like Euler’s formula)

    i think the approach above makes the addition of these new types of numbers seem a lot more reasonable, because it justifies the creation of all the various types of numbers by basically saying “there weren’t enough numbers in the last number system we were using, and that made it a lot harder to do certain things”